在貧富差距越來越嚴重的情況下，教育通常做為脫離貧窮的途徑之一，Coleman在《教育機會均等報告書》中提出，學校教育資源對學習成效影響有限，影響學習成效的關鍵為家庭。本研究探討不同家庭結構對於子女學業表現影響何在，並將家庭結構區分成四類，分別為雙親家庭、單親父親家庭、單親母親家庭與其他家庭。

本研究以「台灣貧窮兒少資料庫：2009年弱勢兒少生活趨勢調查」第二版自填問卷的國中（含）以上青少年樣本作為研究對象，共計有效樣本3,159位，採取線性機率模型迴歸分析法（Linear Probability Model, LPM），以解釋不同家庭結構影響弱勢青少年其學業表現之關聯性。

研究結果顯示：

（1）單親父親家庭比雙親家庭的弱勢青少年其學業表現較差。

（2）單親父親家庭結構中，弱勢青少年的性別為男生相較於女生其學業表現較差。

As the gap between the rich and the poor widens, education is used as one of the ways out of poverty. However, the impact of educational resources on learning outcomes is limited based on Coleman's Equality of Educational Opportunity Report. One of the key factor that affects student learning effectiveness is family structure. This study divides the family structure into four categories: two-parent families, single-father families, single-mother families, and others. This thesis seeks to research the impact of different family structures on economically disadvantaged students' academic performances.
This study selected 3,159 valid samples of adolescents (middle school and above) from the Taiwan Database of Children and Youth in Poverty: The first wave of this panel study was conducted in 2009. The analysis used Linear Probability Model (LPM) to explain the relationship between different family structures which would affect disadvantaged adolescents' academic performance.
Research result:
(1) Disadvantaged adolescents in single-father households perform worse academically than in two-parent households.
(2) In the structure of single-father families, disadvantaged adolescent boys have lower academic performance than girls.