- 研究生: 陳嵩明
- 論文名稱: 清代台灣界外武力拓墾:噶瑪蘭、水沙連、與竹塹東南山區之比較研究
- 指導教授: 黃樹仁
- 關鍵字: 清代台灣、武力拓墾、武裝拓墾、土牛界、生番、鹿場、番界政策、噶瑪蘭、吳沙、郭百年、陳大用、姜秀鑾、金廣福
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清代明文禁止臺灣漢人越界侵墾生番地界，以免引發生番出草。但晚清臺灣卻發生三起漢人大規模武力拓墾生番地界的事件。這三起發生在番界外的武裝拓墾行動，非常明顯地違背了朝廷一貫的禁令。然而，在金廣福的個案裡，地方官員卻許可、資助該地的拓墾行動；在噶瑪蘭的個案裡，地方官員則採取消極默許的態度；而在水沙連的案例中，地方官最初允許郭百年等人的行動，但後來，清廷的高層官員仍堅持封禁該地。
有趣的問題是，地方官員為何公然違背政策法令，對三地的拓墾行動採取默許、資助的態度？而又為何，三地拓墾活動最終的結果截然不同？
先前的研究指出，地方官員之所以允許界外拓墾的原因，在於當地社會累積的人口壓力；與企圖透過官紳關係，重新建立對於界外武裝集團的掌控。人口壓力與官紳關係兩項因素，雖然說明了，某些地方官員為何默許漢人在界外拓墾。但這兩項因素皆無法解釋，上述三個個案最終的結果為何不同。
本文認為，三個個案最終結果的差異，來自於地形阻隔與地理位置兩項因素。地形阻隔涉及督撫與掌控的難易度，進而影響官員選擇開放或封禁的意願。對於地方官而言，距離竹塹城不遠、又無險阻的金廣福，督撫彈壓並不困難。而地處偏遠，且有高山阻隔的噶瑪蘭，就顯得難以掌控。地方官員不願支持偏遠拓墾活動，但當地的漢佃卻因偏僻的位置減少了被查察的機會，累積了足夠的人口。等到清廷正視噶瑪蘭問題時，當地累積的數萬人口使得清廷難以強行驅逐，只好將其收入版圖。距離彰化縣城遙遠，且有高山阻隔的水沙連，同樣是難以掌控的區域。水沙連與噶瑪蘭同樣因為地形阻隔的因素，減低了清廷官員同意開禁的意願。但不同之處在於，水沙連的位置較為接近當時巡查的路線。缺乏偏遠位置掩護的拓墾行動，在初期就遭到台灣鎮總兵的查察。強行驅逐人數不多的漢佃可能招致反抗不大，而使得清廷得以強行驅逐當地的漢佃。
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To avoid conflict with the aboriginals not yet submitted to the state, Qing government generally forbad Han Chinese in Taiwan from encroaching their land. Yet during the late Qing there were three incidences of large-scale armed settlement by Han Chinese in the off-limit land. These armed settlements were all illegal. Yet the armed settlers of Jinguanfu were actually sanctioned and aided by the local authority throughout the process, while the settlers of Kavalan were barely acquiesced throughout, and the settlers of Suishalien were initially sanctioned by local officials but were eventually expelled by the higher authority.
Why these outright illegal large-scale armed settlements were tolerated and even sanctioned by local authority in beginning? Why their eventual outcomes varied so starkly?
Previous studies argue that the sanction of illegal settlement by local authority could be explained by population pressure and the official-gentry common interest. But such arguments could not explain the varied outcomes of three cited incidences.
This thesis argues that, while population pressure and official-gentry common interest explain the willingness of certain local officials in tolerating illegal armed settlement, the variance in the eventual outcome of the three incidences is to be explained by the level of geographic isolation of the new settlement and its effects on security concern as well as the time it took for higher authority to confront the issue. Jinguanfu was merely a short distance from the prefect seat and relatively easy to pacify in case of trouble. Kavalan was remote and hard to control. But is was so isolated that the high officials did not realize the scale of settlement and its security risk until it was impossible to expel the enormous number of settlers without provoking an immediate rebellion. Suishalien was remote and hard to control, yet close enough to regular route of military inspection that the high officials promptly confronted the encroachment and expelled the still relatively small number of settlers out of security concern.
