- 研究生: 謝逸芝
- 論文名稱: 台灣受雇者所得分配變動趨勢—相對分配法的初探
- 指導教授: 沈幼蓀
- 關鍵字: 收入不平等、收入分配、所得分配、男女薪資差異
- 過去針對台灣收入不平等的研究大致可歸納成兩個論述。其一是產業結構往高技術方向提升，因此高收入工作增加，低收入工作減少，使得高、低技術勞動力之間的收入差距擴大，收入不平等因此上升。其二則是產業結構的轉變，使得高、低技術工作同時增加，而中間收入工作減少，收入分配集中在兩端，收入不平等因此上升。然而經濟不平等增加是源自於收入分配同時集中在高、低兩端而造成，抑或僅集中在高、低收入的某一端，這些資訊無法由吉尼係數等摘要式指標得知。為區辨兩種論述所假定的收入分配趨勢，我們採用Morris Martina et al. (1994)提出的「相對分配法」（Relative Distribution Methods），試以分析三十年來台灣收入不平等吉尼係數背後的實際分佈趨勢。首先，不同於一般的印象，近十年台灣整體受雇者的收入分配並沒有呈現U型的兩極化分配，而是中、高收入者增加而低收入者減少的情況。然而若單獨觀察男性受雇者則可發現，男性在近年些微往高、低收入兩端集中，形成U型的兩極化分配。其次，長期來說，女性群體內高收入者不斷增加，1990年代中期後增加的情況更為明顯。然而女性內部的收入不平等程度亦不斷上升。1990年代中期開始女性的收入有非常明顯的U型兩極化趨勢。最後，雖然女性群體內高收入者大幅增加，然而倘若以男性收入為標準，則所謂高收入女性極少，絕大多數女性的收入落在男性收入的底層。換言之，只有極小部分的女性進入男性的高收入工作，但絕大多數的女性只是從「非常窮」轉變成「稍微不那麼窮」。
- Two theses dominate research regarding income inequality in Taiwan. The first attributes rising inequality to the growth of high-skill, high-wage jobs that leave less-skilled workers behind. The second thesis, in contrast, argues that the industrial shift generates growth in the number of both high-wage and low-wage jobs, and declines in the middle. Standard summary measures of distributional inequality, however, cannot discriminate between these depictions of where job growth is occurring. By adopting Morris Martina et al. (1994)’s Relative Distribution Methods, this thesis attempt to reevaluate the long-term trends of income distribution in Taiwan. Our findings show, first, unlike the general impression, trend of income in Taiwan has not shown a shrinking middle in the past decade. But if we limited our observation only to male employees, we found a slightly U-shaped distribution in recent years. Second, the female employee's income distribution has shown a significantly different pattern with number of high-income women increase constantly, especially in mid-1990s. However, the degree of income inequality within women workers is also rising generating an U-shaped distribution since the mid-1990s. Finally, while high-income women increase significantly, our analysis, reveals that women's gains occurred largely at the bottom of the relative earnings scale, only a very small number of women enter the well-paying job that male had dominated.
