本研究旨在探討台灣在面臨少子化與國安威脅的挑戰下，民眾對於「男女皆服一年義務役」的真實態度，並檢視人口背景、體制信任與防衛決心等變項如何形塑此觀感。文獻回顧比較了全球女性軍事參與的三種主要模式（北歐、以色列、芬蘭）及各派女性主義觀點，指出台灣目前正處於追求性別平權理想與應對國安現實的交匯點。

在研究方法上，本研究採用量化分析，資料取自中研院「2020年第二次社會意向調查」，針對1,165份有效樣本，以描述性統計、獨立樣本t檢定與階層多元迴歸分析進行實證驗證。

研究結果顯示，女性對女性服役的支持度雖較低，但保衛台灣的意願與男性並無差異，其反對主因主要源於傳統性別分工與軍事場域的長期排斥。在各項變項中，「自我防衛決心（保台意願）」是支持擴大徵兵最強烈的正向預測因子。此外，民眾對國防表現越滿意，體制信任度越高，就越願意賦予政府擴大兵役動員的合法性。就人口背景而言，高教育程度與年長世代較傾向支持男女皆服役；相對地，未婚族群可能因面臨生涯規劃與兵役的直接衝突，表現出較為抗拒的心理。

This study aims to explore the genuine attitudes of the Taiwanese public toward the policy of "one-year mandatory military service for both men and women" under the dual challenges of a declining birth rate and national security threats. It examines how variables such as demographic background, institutional trust, and self-defense determination shape these perceptions. A literature review compares three main global models of women's military participation (the Nordic, Israeli, and Finnish models) and various feminist perspectives, indicating that Taiwan is currently at the intersection of pursuing gender equality ideals and addressing national security realities. Methodologically, this study employs quantitative analysis using data from the "2020 Second Social Image Survey" conducted by Academia Sinica. Empirical verification was performed on 1,165 valid samples using descriptive statistics, independent sample t-tests, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The research results show that although women's support for female conscription is significantly lower, their willingness to defend Taiwan does not differ from that of men; their opposition primarily stems from traditional gender divisions of labor and long-term exclusion within the military sphere. Among all variables, "self-defense determination (willingness to defend Taiwan)" is the strongest positive predictor of support for expanding conscription. Furthermore, the more satisfied the public is with national defense performance and the higher their institutional trust, the more willing they are to grant the government the legitimacy to expand military mobilization. Regarding demographic backgrounds, individuals with higher education levels and older generations are more inclined to support mandatory service for both genders; conversely, the unmarried demographic exhibits higher psychological resistance, likely due to direct conflicts between career planning and military service.