本研究探討「膜拜團體(Cult/Cultic group)」中的動態交換及選擇過程,藉此了解信徒為何接受這種特殊的信仰模式,以及這種模式如何運行。膜拜團體是備受爭議的組織,其以傳統宗教為基礎,並以個人崇拜的形式展現其特殊性。本文採取一個普遍的論述,便是把宗教安排進社會學的發理性行動過程中詮釋,茲以解讀信徒們的命運。本文的立場是,單方面、單向地分析宗教的理性選擇具有邏輯謬誤,因為當組織與勾連的制度強勢到一定程度時,需求方(信徒)必然因資訊落差而處於被動;若如過去研究般一昧強調信仰的供給方(領袖),展示出的結論往往無關理性選擇,而是盲目追隨乃至沒有選擇的餘地。因此,務必同時考量到雙方付出的交換物以及理解方式。
具體來說,本研究發現到宗教活動與所有其他活動類似,選擇加入教會、承擔神聖義務或接受信仰崇拜時,人們會依據自己的經驗來權衡成本和收穫;換言之,對宗教的需求是由組織付出的供給來滿足的,因此,我們可以用與其他領域相同的方式來理解宗教。這種解釋涵蓋了宗教生活的所有社會事實,取代了「利他」以及「瘋狂」的抽象概念,同時也窺見了迴避宗教真理後的哉問:「倘若宗教領袖給予的是來世的獎勵,為何信徒會在當下選擇奉獻自己的所有?」。延續此論述,本文透過理性選擇探究尊崇個人崇拜的信徒「如何正確評估他們信仰的效率」以及膜拜宗教「如何保留對其中塵世利益的有效解釋」;並沿著市場算計往往在宗教領域中留下的不足之處,將交換關係的權力不平等納入考量,進一步討論協議中的雙分如何透過吸引與分化相互制衡。倘若信仰也作為一種獨特的人類活動,那麼社會科學必然需要考慮到這種獨特性的闡述。
Specifically, this research finds that religious activities, like all other activities, involve individuals weighing costs and benefits based on their experiences when choosing to join a church, undertake sacred obligations, or accept faith-based worship. In other words, the demand for religion is met by the supply provided by the organization, allowing us to understand religion in the same manner as other domains. This interpretation encompasses all social facts of religious life, replacing abstract concepts of "altruism" and "madness," while also addressing the profound question that arises from evading religious truths: "If religious leaders offer rewards in the afterlife, why do followers choose to devote all they have in the present?" Continuing this discourse, the paper investigates how adherents who venerate personal worship "accurately assess the efficiency of their faith" and how cultic religions "maintain effective interpretations of worldly benefits." It further discusses the power imbalances in exchange relationships, often overlooked in religious fields, and how the dualities within agreements can mutually counterbalance through attraction and differentiation. If faith is indeed a unique human activity, then social sciences must necessarily consider the elucidation of this uniqueness.